Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist, mathematician, and philosopher who significantly influenced the Scientific Revolution. Known as the "father of modern science," he pioneered telescope use for astronomy, discovered Jupiter's four largest moons, and supported the heliocentric model of the solar system. His work on motion and mechanics laid the foundation for modern physics, and he contributed to the development of the scientific method. Despite his groundbreaking discoveries, Galileo faced opposition from the Catholic Church, leading to his trial and house arrest.